31^st International Conference on Materials Chemistry & Metallurgy June 12-13, 2019 Montreal, Quebec, Canada

A substance which provides a mechanism with a higher activation energy does not increase the rate because the reaction can still occur by the non-catalyzed route. An added substance which does increase the reaction rate is not considered a catalyst but a reaction inhibitor. Catalysts may be classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous catalyst is one whose molecules are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant's molecules. A heterogeneous catalyst is one whose molecules are not in the same phase as the reactant's, which are typically gases or liquids that are adsorbed onto the surface of the solid catalyst. Enzymes and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category.

A major consideration for most coating processes is that the coating is to be applied at a controlled thickness, and a number of different processes are in use to achieve this control, ranging from a simple brush for painting a wall, to some very expensive machinery applying coatings in the electronics industry. A further consideration for 'non-all-over' coatings is that control is needed as to where the coating is to be applied. A number of these non-all-over coating processes are printing processes.

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid solutions.

Computational modeling is the use of computers to simulate and study the behavior of complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science. A computational model contains numerous variables that characterize the system being studied. Simulation is done by adjusting each of these variables alone or in combination and observing how the changes affect the outcomes. The results of model simulations help researchers make predictions about what will happen in the real system that is being studied in response to changing conditions. Modeling can expedite research by allowing scientists to conduct thousands of simulated experiments by a computer in order to identify the actual physical experiments that are most likely to help the researcher find the solution to the problem being studied. 

In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metal in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen or sulfates. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of damage typically produces oxide(s) or salt(s) of the original metal, and results in a distinctive orange colouration. Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in this context, the term "degradation" is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases.

Damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach is commonly used in aerospace engineering to manage the extension of cracks in structure through the application of the principles of fracture mechanics. In aerospace engineering, structure is considered to be damage tolerant if a maintenance program has been implemented that will result in the detection and repair of accidental damage, corrosion and fatigue cracking before such damage reduces the residual strength of the structure below an acceptable limit. As one such approach to crack repair, the placement of a hole at a crack tip to reduce stress concentration and inhibit crack propagation is widely studied and implemented.

Electrocatalysis results in the modification of the rate of an electrochemical reaction occurring on an electrode surface. The relative electrocatalytic properties of a group of materials at a given temperature and concentration are not necessarily constant and may vary according to the different dependence of rates on electrical potential.

Electronic properties of a material are governed by the response of electrons and other charged entities to the external stimulus such as electrical potential difference and its variation, incident electromagnetic radiation, magnetic field, heat, mechanical forces etc. The response to the external stimulus is strongly correlated with the internal structure of the material at different length-scales, chemical composition, both intrinsic and extrinsic defects, as well as dimensionality (zero, one, two or three dimensional) of the material. The field of Science and Technology of Electronic Materials involve understanding these correlations, as well as the development of technologies for the synthesis/fabrication of materials with desired electronic properties. .Optoelectronics is built based on the quantum mechanical effects of light on electronic materials, sometimes in the presence of electric fields, especially semiconductors. Optoelectronic technologies comprise of laser systems, remote sensing systems, fiber optic communications, optical information systems, and electric eyes medical diagnostic systems.

In Energy harvesting process (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging or ambient power) energy is derived from external sources (e.g., solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, also known as ambient energy), captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks. Energy harvesters provide a very small amount of power for low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs resources (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background. For example, temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment because of radio and television broadcasting.